Avaliação de uma ferramenta de ensino no tratamento da hanseníase para profissionais da saúde na atenção básica / Evaluation of a teaching tool in the treatment of leprosy for health professionals in primary care

O uso de materiais didáticos sobre o tratamento da hanseníase pode auxiliar os profissionais de atenção básica a esclarecer as dúvidas dos usuários e ampliar o conhecimento.O objetivo consistiu em validar uma ferramenta educativa sobre o tratamento da hanseníase com a poliquimioterapia. O estudo consistiu em pesquisa realizada com 10 profissionais da rede de atenção básica em hanseníase, município de Fernandópolis. Foi confeccionada uma cartilha educativa com a participação de pesquisadores e docentes nas áreas da hanseníase e design. O estudo consistiu na execução de três fases: preparação; coleta de dados e interpretação; concretização e descrição dos resultados. Foi aplicado um questionário com 23 perguntas (relativas ao design e ao conteúdo). Verificou-se que os eixos temáticos com sugestões de mudanças foram relacionados à compreensão do tratamento; cartelas pauci ou multibacilares; local de aquisição dos medicamentos; horário dos medicamentos; consumo de bebida alcoólica; benefícios e reações do tratamento; abandono do tratamento; tratamento na gravidez, uso de pílula anticoncepcional e propostas de alterações em poucas figuras e no formato da cartilha. Os profissionais de saúde foram capazes de apontar melhorias e possíveis falhas com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade do referido produto gráfico. Convém ampliar essa investigação para os usuários do programa de hanseníase que realizam ou realizaram a poliquimioterapia e vivenciaram aspectos positivos e dificuldades com o tratamento.

Primary care quality and its effects on leprosy monitoring indicators.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the quality of primary care in leprosy control actions, to correlate effects on monitoring indicators. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, conducted in Belo Horizonte, from July to September 2014. Interviews with 408 professionals were conducted through the application of a tool that assesses attributes of primary care in leprosy control actions, and monitoring indicators were calculated. Spearman correlation was used, significance level p < 0.05. RESULTS: the overall score correlated with the percentage of cases treated in primary care and of family health staff coverage. The derived score correlated with the percentage of cases treated in primary care, and the essential score correlated with the proportion and rate of cases diagnosed, with grade 2 physical disability. CONCLUSIONS: the quality of leprosy control actions performed by primary care professionals produces impacts on health indicators, and developing strategies consistent with the reality of the territory is necessary.

Hanseníase e atenção primária: um estudo avaliativo sob a ótica do médico / Leprosy and primary care: an evaluation study from a medical perspective / La lepra y la atención primaria: un estudio evaluativo desde la óptica médica

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a presença e extensão dos atributos essenciais e derivados da atenção primária em saúde no programa de controle da hanseníase, sob a ótico médica. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo de avaliação de programas de saúde, com foco na hanseníase, tendo como púbico alvo os médicos atuantes nas ações de controle do programa de hanseníase nas unidades de saúde da atenção primária. Foi utilizado um questionário, elaborado e validado em outro estudo, para medir a presença e a extensão dos atributos da atenção primária à saúde no controle da doença. Os dados foram inseridos em um banco de dados e posteriormente receberam uma análise estatística e descritiva. Esse estudo foi aprovado sob o parecer CEP n° 1.128.385. Resultados Na análise dos escores gerais e dos atributos essenciais observou-se que o município do estudo apresentou alta orientação para as ações de controle da han-seníase. Os atributos acesso, orientação comunitária e orientação profissional receberam médias abaixo do ponto de corte, demonstrando fragilidades existentes nos itens que compõe esse atributo. Conclusão Apesar das fragilidades identificadas, o município de estudo apresenta alta orientação para o desenvolvimento das ações de controle da hanseníase, segundo a avaliação dos médicos atuantes na atenção primária.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the presence and extent of essential attributes derived from primary health care in a leprosy control program. Materials and Methods This is an assessment of health programs, focused on leprosy and targeted at doctors working on control actions in a leprosy program of primary health care units. A questionnaire developed and validated in another study was used to measure the presence and scope of primary health care attributes in disease control. Data were entered into a database and statistical and descriptive analysis was carried out. This study was approved within the framework of CEP No. 1.128.385. Results Overall scores and essential attributes of leprosy control actions showed a high exposure to leprosy control actions in the studied city. Community's access, orientation and guidance attributes averaged below the cutoff point, demonstrating the existing weaknesses in the items that make up these attributes. Conclusion Despite the weaknesses identified, the study showed high orientation towards the development of leprosy control actions, according to the assessment made by doctors working in primary care.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la presencia y alcance de los atributos esenciales derivados de la atención primaria de la salud en el programa de control de la lepra, desde la óptica médica. Métodos Se trata de una evaluación de los programas de salud, centrados en la lepra, teniendo como público objetivo los médicos que trabajan en las acciones de control de la lepra en el programa de las unidades de salud de atención primaria. Se utilizó un cuestionario desarrollado y validado en otro estudio, para medir la presencia y alcance de los atributos de la atención primaria de salud en el control de la enfermedad. Los datos se introdujeron en una base de datos y más tarde se realizó el análisis estadístico y descriptivo. Este estudio fue aprobado en el marco del CEP N°. 1.128.385. Resultados Las puntuaciones globales y los atributos esenciales de las acciones de control de la lepra tuvieron una puntuación alta, en la ciudad del estudio. Los atributos de acceso, orientación y guía de la comunidad tuvieron un promedio por debajo del punto de corte, lo que demuestra las deficiencias existentes en los elementos que componen estos atributos. Conclusión A pesar de las debilidades identificadas, el estudio mostró una alta orientación en el desarrollo de acciones de control de la lepra, de acuerdo con la evaluación de los médicos que trabajan en atención primaria.(AU)

[Leprosy and primary care: an evaluation study from a medical perspective]. / Hanseníase e atenção primária: um estudo avaliativo sob a ótica do médico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence and extent of essential attributes derived from primary health care in a leprosy control program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an assessment of health programs, focused on leprosy and targeted at doctors working on control actions in a leprosy program of primary health care units. A questionnaire developed and validated in another study was used to measure the presence and scope of primary health care attributes in disease control. Data were entered into a database and statistical and descriptive analysis was carried out. This study was approved within the framework of CEP No. 1.128.385. RESULTS: Overall scores and essential attributes of leprosy control actions showed a high exposure to leprosy control actions in the studied city. Community's access, orientation and guidance attributes averaged below the cutoff point, demonstrating the existing weaknesses in the items that make up these attributes. CONCLUSION: Despite the weaknesses identified, the study showed high orientation towards the development of leprosy control actions, according to the assessment made by doctors working in primary care.

Effect of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer and primary health care programs on the new case detection rate of leprosy.

BACKGROUND: Social determinants can affect the transmission of leprosy and its progression to disease. Not much is known about the effectiveness of welfare and primary health care policies on the reduction of leprosy occurrence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the Brazilian cash transfer (Bolsa Família Program-BFP) and primary health care (Family Health Program-FHP) programs on new case detection rate of leprosy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted the study with a mixed ecological design, a combination of an ecological multiple-group and time-trend design in the period 2004-2011 with the Brazilian municipalities as unit of analysis. The main independent variables were the BFP and FHP coverage at the municipal level and the outcome was new case detection rate of leprosy. Leprosy new cases, BFP and FHP coverage, population and other relevant socio-demographic covariates were obtained from national databases. We used fixed-effects negative binomial models for panel data adjusted for relevant socio-demographic covariates. A total of 1,358 municipalities were included in the analysis. In the studied period, while the municipal coverage of BFP and FHP increased, the new case detection rate of leprosy decreased. Leprosy new case detection rate was significantly reduced in municipalities with consolidated BFP coverage (Risk Ratio 0.79; 95% CI  =0.74-0.83) and significantly increased in municipalities with FHP coverage in the medium (72-95%) (Risk Ratio 1.05; 95% CI  =1.02-1.09) and higher coverage tertiles (>95%) (Risk Ratio 1.12; 95% CI  =1.08-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: At the same time the Family Health Program had been effective in increasing the new case detection rate of leprosy in Brazil, the Bolsa Família Program was associated with a reduction of the new case detection rate of leprosy that we propose reflects a reduction in leprosy incidence.

Lepra. Impacto psicosocial / Leprosy. Psychosocial impact

Las enfermedades infecciosas se han convertido en un importante problema de salud, y reto para científicos, médicos e investigadores. En la actualidad son cientos de miles de personas que padecen de Lepra. El estigma y las discapacidades producidas los convierten en inhabilitados sociales. La aparición de la Bioética como nuevo paradigma del pensamiento médico, con sus principios de beneficencia, no maleficencia, autonomía y justicia, ha conmocionado al mundo de las ciencias médicas. Se realiza un análisis filosófico de un dilema bioético importante en nuestro medio: la ética médica y la Enfermedad de Hansen (Lepra), el humanismo como base de la relación médico paciente y la reflexión acerca del impacto psicosocial y económico de la Lepra. Se realizan algunas reflexiones que debe tener en cuenta el médico y enfermera de familia, así como el resto del Equipo Básico de Salud y los trabajadores de la Atención Primaria, con el paciente de Lepra. Se concluye que la relación médico-paciente en enfermos de Lepra requiere un humanismo vivo y desde el punto de vista (AU)

Infectious illnesses are an important health problem and a challenge for scientists, doctors and investigators. At the present time there are hundreds of thousands of people suffering from leprosy. The stigma and the inabilities produced makes them socially disabled. The appearance of Bioethics as a new paradigm of medical thought, with its charity principles, non balefulness, autonomy and justice, has revolutionised the world of the medical sciences. A philosophical analysis of an important dilemma ofbioethics in our environment is performed: the medical ethics and Hansen’s illness (leprosy), humanism as the base of the patient- doctor relationship and the reflection in the impact psychosocial and economic impact of leprosy. Some reflections that doctors and nurses, as well as the rest of the Basic Health Team and Primary Attention workers should bear in mind when dealing with leprosy patients are offered. The conclusion is that the doctor-patient relationship when dealing with leprosy requires active humanism and, psychosocially, it is necessary to conquer the taboo and the discrimination that leprosy sparks off in the community (AU)

Role of target groups in integrated leprosy programmes.

The introduction of integrated leprosy services into the primary health care set-up has taken away active case-detection in the community and is replaced by passive reporting by the suspected, afflicted individuals. This can only be made operative effectively with intensive IEC activities in the community. A research study involving school-children (219,000) in leprosy work achieved spectacular success in new case-detection, effective monitoring, completion of MDT and coverage of a large number of individuals (750,000). The results evaluated on a representative sample of 20,000 school students (pre- and post-test), showed over 90% success in creating awareness about the cause of the disease, its symptoms, curability by fixed duration MDT and better attitudes and perceptions of the community towards leprosy-affected individuals. It is emphasised that, in view of the experience gained from the study, other more cohesive and disciplined target groups, such as scouts and guides, NCC cadets, NSS volunteers, should be identified for leprosy work throughout the country in a planned and coordinated manner in order to implement and sustain leprosy eradication activities in the near-elimination and post-elimination phases.

Definition of an algorithm for the management of common skin diseases at primary health care level in sub-Saharan Africa.

In order to help primary health care (PHC) workers in developing countries in the care of common skin diseases, an algorithm for the management of pyoderma, scabies, superficial mycoses, contact dermatitis and referral of early leprosy cases (based on the identification of diseases through the presence of objective key signs, and on treatments by generic drugs) was elaborated. One thousand patients were seen by trained dermatologists, who established diagnoses and treatments; in addition, there was systematic recording of each key sign, according to the successive algorithm steps. We compared the diagnostics and treatments obtained for several combinations of diagnostic signs, with those of the dermatologists. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of defined combinations were high for pyoderma, scabies and superficial mycoses. Values were less exact for dermatitis and leprosy, but were considered sufficient for the level of health care targeted. The apportionment of treatments between the algorithm and the dermatological approaches was considered appropriate in more than 80% of cases; mismanagement was possible in 7% of cases, with few predictable harmful consequences. The algorithm was found satisfactory for the management of the dermatological priorities according to the standards required at the PHC level.

Answering the rehabilitation needs of leprosy-affected persons in integrated setting through primary health care services and community-based rehabilitation.

This article aims to discuss the strategies for answering the rehabilitation needs of persons with leprosy-related disabilities in integrated settings through primary health care (PHC) services and community-based rehabilitation (CBR). While the provision of rehabilitation services through the PHC system remains problematic in most developing countries, the article concludes that CBR programmes have the potential for rehabilitation of leprosy-affected persons in integrated settings. However, the limited coverage of CBR programmes may pose an obstacle to such an approach. The author suggests the use of existing specific rehabilitation infrastructures meant only for leprosy-affected persons for initiating, sustaining and extending the CBR coverage to the surrounding communities. At the same time, the author asks for support and strengthening of organizations of leprosy-affected persons, promoting their active involvement in all rehabilitation processes.